La campaña de erradicación de la malaria en Colombia, 1959-1979 / The malaria eradication campaign in Colombia, 1959-1979

Introducción. A mediados de la década de 1950, el país adoptó e implementó la Campaña de Erradicación de la Malaria (CEM), sin que hasta ahora se haya hecho su evaluación. Objetivo. Evaluar los resultados alcanzados en las fases de ataque y consolidación de la campaña de erradicación de la malaria en Colombia, entre 1959 y 1979. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo de los resultados "malariométricos" y operacionales de la CEM en Colombia entre 1959 y 1979 a partir de los datos recopilados de los archivos del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se utilizaron los criterios establecidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) relacionados con las fases de un programa de erradicación de malaria. Se almacenó, tabuló y analizó la información, y se elaboraron y aplicaron indicadores malariométricos. Resultados. En el periodo de erradicación a corto plazo (1959-1969), durante el primer año de la fase de ataque (1959), se alcanzó una reducción de la transmisión del 94 % (4.172) y, en el último año (1962), una disminución del 88 % (8.426) en la carga acumulada de casos comparada con el promedio anual de la década del 50 (71.031); estos bajos niveles de transmisión se mantuvieron hasta finales de 1969. En el periodo de intensificación del control para la erradicación (1970-1979), se produjo un incremento de la endemia y resurgió la transmisión epidémica. Debido a problemas financieros que afectaron la regularidad de la operación para mantener los resultados, y no habiéndose logrado la interrupción de la transmisión, se observó un resurgimiento de casos en las fases de ataque y consolidación. Conclusiones. La campaña no logró la meta de interrupción de la transmisión de la malaria en el territorio nacional, pero sí se consiguió un acentuado control en áreas de mediana y baja intensidad.

Introduction: In the mid-fifties, Colombia adopted and implemented the Malaria Eradication Campaign (MEC), which has not been evaluated yet in the country. Objective: To evaluate the results achieved during the attack and consolidation phases of the MEC regarding malaria transmission in Colombia between 1959 and 1979. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive and retrospective study based on the malariometric and operational results of the MEC in Colombia from 1959 to 1979 compiled from the archives of the Ministry of Public Health. We used the criteria defined by the WHO Expert Committee on Malaria. The information was stored, tabulated, and analyzed based on the malariometric indicators we developed. Results: In the short-term eradication period (1959-1969), a reduction of 94% (4,172) in transmission was achieved during the first year of the attack phase (1959) while in the last year (1962), there was an 88% (8,426) reduction of the accumulated load of cases compared to the annual average of the 1950s (71,031). These low levels of transmission were maintained until the end of 1969. During the intensification period of control of the eradication (1970-1979), there was an increase in malaria endemicity and a resurgence of the epidemic transmission. Due to financial problems affecting the regularity of the operations, Colombia was unable to sustain the results and achieve an interruption of transmission, which resulted in a resurgence of cases during the attack and consolidation phases. Conclusions: The campaign did not achieve the goal of interrupting malaria transmission in the national territory but there was marked control in areas of medium and low intensity.

Malaria epidemics in Colombia, 1970-2019

ABSTRACT Background: Malaria has unstable transmission in Colombia and has variable endemic-epidemic patterns. This study describes the epidemiological characteristics of malaria epidemics registered in Colombia from 1970-2019. Methods: Data from 1979-2019 were collected from the National Public Health Surveillance System. The data was tabulated and pertinent descriptive analyses were carried out. Results: Fifteen malaria outbreaks and approximately five-year-long epidemic cycles were observed in Colombia during the study period. Conclusions: Malaria epidemics in Colombia present a five-yearly transmission pattern, mainly due to the increased vulnerability produced by seasonal population migrations in receptive areas with active transmission.

A patient with dextrocardia and chagas disease: case report and literature review

ABSTRACT Introduction: About half a million patients in Colombia are currently infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. However, little is known about patients with Chagas disease and anatomical defects such as dextrocardia. Case presentation: A 52-year-old male patient with a 4-year history of dyspnea, chest pain, lower limb edema and syncope (requiring hospitalization), arrhythmias and dextrocardia, underwent serological tests for T. cruzi that were positive. A literature review was conducted to find case reports of patients with dextrocardia or situs inversus and Chagas disease in order to determine the proper treatment. Conclusion: Cases of patients with dextrocardia and Chagas disease are rare. Besides the reported case, only three other cases were found in the literature, which were relatively similar, although they could be considered more severe. According to the findings, the use of etiological treatment is acceptable in patients with coronary anatomic abnormalities and T. cruzi infection. The present case draws attention to the importance of adequately approaching and monitoring this type of patient.

RESUMEN Introducción. En la actualidad, en Colombia hay aproximadamente medio millón de personas infectadas con Trypanosoma cruzi; sin embargo, no hay mucha información sobre pacientes que viven con enfermedad de Chagas y anomalías anatómicas como la dextrocardia. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 52 años con cuadro clínico de aproximadamente cuatro años de evolución consistente en disnea, dolor torácico, edema de extremidades inferiores, síncope (que requirió hospitalización), arritmias y dextrocardia, a quien se le practicaron pruebas serológicas para T. cruzi que resultaron positivas. Con el fin de establecer el tratamiento adecuado, se realizó una revisión de la literatura buscando reportes de casos de pacientes con dextrocardia o situs inversus y enfermedad de Chagas. Conclusión. Los casos de pacientes con dextrocardia y enfermedad de Chagas son poco frecuentes: además del caso reportado, en la literatura solo se encontraron tres reportes adicionales, los cuales fueron relativamente similares, aunque podrían considerarse más severos. Según los hallazgos, el uso de tratamiento etiológico es adecuado en pacientes con anormalidades anatómicas cardiovasculares e infección por T. cruzi. El presente caso llama la atención sobre la importancia de tener un enfoque y seguimiento adecuados en este tipo de pacientes.

Medically important ants: a systematic review of the global distribution and clinical consequences of their bites and stings / Hormigas de importancia médica: revisión sistemática de su distribución global y consecuencias clínicas de sus mordeduras y picaduras

Introduction: From the medical point of view, only some ants are of special interest. Due to the diversity of ants and the growing contact with humans, it is necessary to have a better understanding of the factors and problems, which lead to adverse clinical outcomes. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of published studies on ants and their impact on the medical field to synthesize fragmented knowledge and to inform the current state of this problem. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in Medline, EMBASE, SciELO and Google Scholar, with no time threshold. The search strategy was limited to articles published in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Eligible studies were case reports and case series that reported outcomes in humans caused by ant stings. Patient-level and study-level information was extracted. Results: The literature search yielded 1909 studies; of which 30 case reports and 16 case series reporting a total of 95 cases were included. Of these 48 patients were women (50.5 percent, and the median age was 36.1 ± 25.5 years old. The most frequently reported complications were severe pain, anaphylaxis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The death of eighteen patients was documented (18.9 percent). Ants from the genera Solenopsis spp., Myrmecia sp., Paraponera clavata, Pachycondyla sennaarensis, Myrmecia rubra caused most of the accidents Conclusions: Severe allergic reactions caused by ants are a rare event, however, mortality can be high. An increase of ant related accidents is expected, a quick diagnosis and treatment is necessary to avoid fatalities(AU)

Introducción: Desde el punto de vista médico, solo algunas hormigas son de especial interés. Debido a la diversidad de hormigas y al creciente contacto con humanos, es necesario comprender mejor los factores y problemas que conducen a resultados clínicos adversos. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de estudios publicados sobre las hormigas y su impacto en el campo médico para sintetizar conocimientos fragmentados e informar sobre el estado actual del problema. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática en Medline, EMBASE, SciELO y Google Scholar, sin límite de tiempo. La estrategia de búsqueda se limitó a artículos publicados en portugués, inglés y español. Se seleccionaron informes y series de casos sobre consecuencias de las picaduras de hormigas en humanos. Se extrajo información a nivel de paciente y a nivel de estudio. Resultados: La búsqueda bibliográfica obtuvo 1 909 estudios, de los cuales se seleccionaron 30 informes y 16 series sobre un total de 95 casos. De estos, 48 pacientes eran mujeres (50,5 por ciento) y la media de edad era 36,1 ± 25,5 años. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron dolor intenso, anafilaxia y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Se documentó la muerte de 18 pacientes (18,9 por ciento). Hormigas de los géneros Solenopsis spp., Myrmecia sp., Paraponera clavata, Pachycondyla sennaarensis y Myrmecia rubra causaron la mayoría de los accidentes. Conclusiones: Las reacciones alérgicas graves provocadas por hormigas son un evento raro; sin embargo, la mortalidad puede ser alta. Se espera un incremento de los accidentes relacionados con las hormigas. Se requiere un diagnóstico y tratamiento rápidos para evitar muertes(AU)

Malaria mortality in Colombia from 2009 to 2018: a descriptive study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Colombia has an endemo-epidemic for malaria, with a downward trend in mortality over the last few decades. This study describes the malaria mortality rates from 2009-2018. METHODS We obtained data from the Colombian Mortality Information System and calculated the case fatality and crude and age-adjusted mortality rates. RESULTS: During the study, 148 malaria-related deaths were registered. The average annual mortality rate was 0.032 deaths/100,000. Two peaks were observed in 2010 and 2016. Choco contributed to the highest number of deaths (27.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The unstable downward trend of malaria mortality rates calls for greater emphasis on surveillance and interventions.

Chagas disease-related mortality in Colombia from 1979 to 2018: temporal and spatial trends

Abstract INTRODUCTIOn: Studies on Chagas disease-related mortality assist in decision-making in health policies. We analyzed the epidemiological characteristics, temporal trends, and regional differences in Chagas disease-related mortality in Colombia from 1979 to 2018. METHODS: A time-series study was conducted using death records and population data from the National Administrative Department of Statistics, using categorizations from the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 and ICD-10 systems. All deaths with Chagas disease as an underlying or associated cause of death were included. Crude and age-sex standardized mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants and the annual percent change (APC) were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 7,287,461 deaths recorded in Colombia during 1979-2018, 3,276 (0.04%) deaths were related to Chagas disease-2,827 (86.3%) as an underlying cause and 449 (13.7%) as an associated cause. The average annual age-sex standardized mortality rate was 0.211 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.170-0.252) deaths/100,000 inhabitants, with a significant upward trend (APC = 6.60%; 95% CI: 5.9-7.3). The highest Chagas disease-related death rates were in males (0.284 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), those ≥65 years old (1.296 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), and residents of the Orinoco region (1.809 deaths/100,000 inhabitants). There was a significant increase in mortality in the Orinoco (APC = 8.28%; 95% CI: 6.4-10.2), Caribbean (APC = 5.06%; 95% CI: 3.6-6.5), and Andean (APC = 4.63%; 95% CI: 3.9-5.3) regions. CONCLUSIONS: Chagas disease remains a major public health issue in Colombia with high mortality rates in older age groups, a wide geographic distribution, regional differences, and the potential to increase.

Leishmaniasis in the Colombian post-conflict era: a descriptive study from 2004 to 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is strongly associated with armed conflict. We describe the epidemiology of leishmaniasis before and after the peace agreement in Colombia. METHODS: Data for 2004-2019 period were collected from the National Public Health Surveillance System. The annual incidence per geographical department before and after the peace agreement was calculated and correlated with armed conflict severity. RESULTS: The annual incidence of leishmaniasis registered a downfall with an annual percentage change of 17.7% after the peace treaty. CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in hostilities has a positive impact on the leishmaniasis incidence, which may be the case for other public health issues.

Leishmaniasis in the Colombian post-conflict era: a descriptive study from 2004 to 2019

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Leishmaniasis is strongly associated with armed conflict. We describe the epidemiology of leishmaniasis before and after the peace agreement in Colombia. METHODS: Data for 2004-2019 period were collected from the National Public Health Surveillance System. The annual incidence per geographical department before and after the peace agreement was calculated and correlated with armed conflict severity. RESULTS: The annual incidence of leishmaniasis registered a downfall with an annual percentage change of 17.7% after the peace treaty. CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in hostilities has a positive impact on the leishmaniasis incidence, which may be the case for other public health issues.

Caracterización de la población gestante adolescente atendida en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. 2012-2015 / Characterization of pregnant adolescents treated between 2012 and 2015 at Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá D.C., Colombia

Resumen Introducción. A pesar de que en Colombia hay una alta prevalencia de embarazos en adolescentes, aún no se han establecido los resultados obstétricos y perinatales adversos en esta población. Objetivo. Caracterizar los desenlaces obstétricos y perinatales de las gestantes adolescentes atendidas en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal realizado mediante la revisión de las historias clínicas de 147 gestantes adolescentes atendidas entre mayo de 2012 y diciembre de 2015 en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá D.C. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue 17±1.5 años; 59.8% eran estudiantes (secundaria y educación superior) y 64.6%, solteras. En cuanto a los controles prenatales, 127 (86.4%) los iniciaron tardíamente y 108 (73.5%) tuvieron menos de 4. La frecuencia general de complicaciones obstétricas fue 27.9%, entre las que se destacan los trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo (10.2%) y la amenaza de parto pretérmino (8.2%); no se presentaron muertes maternas. Por su parte, las patologías neonatales más comunes fueron ictericia neonatal (4.8%) y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (3.4%). Conclusiones. Las complicaciones se presentaron con mayor frecuencia en las adolescentes que iniciaron los controles prenatales de forma tardía, por lo que se deben implementar estrategias para garantizar el inicio temprano de estos controles y la adherencia a los mismos. Además, es necesario evaluar el impacto de los programas de planificación familiar en esta población.

Abstract Introduction: Although adolescent pregnancy prevalence in Colombia is high, adverse obstetric and perinatal adverse outcomes in this population have not yet been established in the country. Objective: To characterize the obstetric and perinatal outcomes of pregnant adolescents treated at Hospital Militar Central, located in Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Materials and methods: Retrospective cross-sectional observational study. The medical records of 147 pregnant adolescents treated at Hospital Militar Central between May 2012 and December 2015 were reviewed. Results: Adolescents' average age was 17 ± 1.5 years, 59.8% of them were students (high school and higher education), and 64.6% were single. Regarding prenatal care, 127 (86.4%) had started getting prenatal check-ups late and 108 (73.5%) had poor prenatal care (less than 4 prenatal check-ups). Obstetric complications general frequency was 27.9%, being the most frequent hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (10.2%) and preterm birth (8.2%). There were no maternal death cases. On the other hand, the most frequent perinatal morbidities were jaundice (4.8%) and respiratory distress syndrome (3.4%). Conclusions: Pregnancy-related complications were more frequent in adolescents who started prenatal check-ups late, so strategies aimed at ensuring that adolescents have access to early prenatal care and at improving their adherence rates to prenatal check-ups must be implemented. In addition, the impact that family planning programs have on this population must also be evaluated.

Human taeniasis infection (taenia saginata): a complex public health problem. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taeniasis is a zoonosis that can be found worldwide. It is relatively easy to diagnose and its treatment is currently effective. This paper describes the follow-up of a case with persistent refractory taeniasis. Case description: A 31-year-old female patient, street-food seller, was diagnosed with taeniasis when she was 21 years old. Since she was diagnosed, multiple treatments were administered, including albendazole, secnidazole, pirantel pamoato and several metronidazole schemes, which resulted in a partial improvement of the symptoms. In 2018, she expelled a parasite of ~1 meter in length, later described as Taenia saginata; praziquantel was prescribed, but it is not available in Colombia. The patient was referred to the Parasitology Service, and based on her medical history and a scientific review of literature, nitazoxanide (500mg, twice a day, for 3 days) and albendazole (400mg per day, for 3 days) were administered, eliminating the infection and improving the patient's quality of life. Discussion: This case exposes two important clinical aspects. The first is the difficulty of monitoring and treating taeniasis cases. The second is the presence of persistent refractory taeniasis cases. Conclusion: Secondary, tertiary and combination drugs are available for effective and safe treatment of taeniasis. However, there is a need to conduct further studies to achieve better diagnosis, prevention, education and control.

RESUMEN Introducción. La teniasis es una zoonosis global con diagnóstico simple y tratamiento efectivo. A continuación se describe el seguimiento de un caso con teniasis refractaria persistente. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenina de 31 años de edad y vendedora de comida callejera, quien fue diagnosticada con teniasis cuando tenía 21 años. Desde su diagnóstico, recibió múltiples regímenes terapéuticos (albendazol, secnidazol, pirantel pamoato y varios esquemas de metro-nidazol) que permitieron una mejoría parcial de los síntomas. En 2018, la paciente expulsó un parásito de ~1m de longitud, después descrito como Taenia saginata, por lo que se indicó manejo con praziquantel, un medicamento no disponible en Colombia. La paciente fue referida al Servicio de Parasitología, y basados en su anamnesis y la revisión de literatura relevante, se indicó manejo con nitazoxanida (500mg, dos veces al día, por 3 días) y albendazol (400mg por día, por 3 días), con lo cual fue posible eliminar la infección. Discusión. Este caso muestra dos aspectos clínicos importantes: la dificultad en el seguimiento y tratamiento de los casos de teniasis, y la presencia de casos de teniasis refractaria persistente. Conclusión. Existen opciones de medicamentos secundarios, terciarios y la combinación de estos que son eficaces y seguros para tratar la teniasis. Sin embargo, es necesario hacer más estudios sobre su diagnóstico, prevención, educación y control.

Envenomation by an arachnid (latrodectus or steatoda): case report involving a woman and her female dog

ABSTRACT Introduction: Accidents involving spiders bites usually cause mild medical reactions that lead to local symptoms and, less commonly, systemic effects. The most medically significant spiders belong to the genera Latrodectus and Loxosceles. This paper presents a possible case of steatodism in a young woman and her pet. Case description: 26-year-old female patient, who reports a clinical history characterized by paresthesia, malaise, fever, diarrhea and a painful papule in the left cheek after being bitten by a spider. Immediately after being bit, the patient hit the spider with the back of her hand and it fell to the ground, where her dog swallowed it. The dog presented with vomiting and general discomfort after ingestion. Symptomatic therapy was given for comfort, and neither the patient nor the dog required antivenin therapy. Both evolved favorably. Discussion: The relevance of this case is the involvement of two mammals (a human and her dog) due to the accidental contact with a spider, possibly of the genus Latrodectus or Steatoda. Conclusion: Two possible cases of steatodism are described. Since spider bites are a relatively frequent reason for medical consultation in Colombia, it is important to diagnose and manage them properly.

RESUMEN Introducción. Los accidentes producidos por arañas suelen ser eventos médicos poco severos. La mordedura provoca, por lo general, síntomas locales y, menos frecuente, efectos sistémicos. Las arañas más importantes desde el punto de vista médico pertenecen a los géneros Latrodectus y Loxosceles. Se reporta un posible caso de steatodismo en una mujer joven y su mascota. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenino de 26 años quien presenta cuadro clínico de 5 días de evolución caracterizado por parestesia, malestar general, fiebre, diarrea y una pápula dolorosa en la mejilla izquierda después de ser mordida por una araña. La joven golpea la araña inmediatamente con el dorso de la mano y esta cae al suelo, donde su perra la ingiere; esta última presenta vómito y malestar general después de la ingesta. Como tratamiento se administró terapia sintomática y ninguna de ellas requirió antiveneno. Ambas evolucionaron favorablemente. Discusión. Se presentan dos posibles casos de steatodismo, siendo el aspecto relevante del presente caso que tanto la paciente como su mascota presentaron síntomas debido al contacto accidental con una araña, posiblemente del género Latrodectus o Steatoda. Conclusión. Dado que los accidentes por mordedura de araña son relativamente frecuentes para la consulta médica en Colombia, es importante diagnosticarlos y manejarlos de forma adecuada.

Plasmodium vivax malaria across South America: management guidelines and their quality assessment

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Plasmodium vivax malaria represents a major public health problem. This study presents the quality assessment of clinical practice guidelines for the management of P. vivax malaria. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Additionally, five guidelines were assessed with the AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation) II protocol. RESULTS The general performance on the domains of stakeholder involvement, development rigor, and editorial independence was low. CONCLUSIONS: Most guidelines lack a solid research methodology, which implies ambiguous accuracy. Much needs to be done in the area of therapeutics and quality of policies.

Reactivation of Chagas disease in a heart transplant patient infected by sylvatic trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing unit I

Abstract Heart transplantation is an effective treatment for Chagas disease patients with severe cardiomyopathy. However, Trypanosoma cruzi reactivation is of great concern. The T. cruzi parasite is classified into six discrete typing units (DTUs identified as TcI-TcVI). It is unknown whether there is an association between T. cruzi genetic lineages and the different clinical manifestations of the disease. We report the case of a 51-year-old man who received a heart transplantation and presented with a reactivation of the disease. The molecular characterization of the parasite showed that the reactivation was related to specific infection by a DTU I (TcISYL) parasite.

Ocular toxocariasis caused by toxocara canis in an adult woman. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Toxocariasis is a zoonosis caused by the Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati nematodes larvae. These are intestinal parasites found in canids and felids, respectively. Case presentation: This paper presents the case of a 22-year-old woman from Caquetá, with a three-month history of vision loss in her left eye, eye pain, diplopia, photophobia and bilateral red eye. Retinal detachment in the left eye was diagnosed by ultrasound. The ophthalmology service made a differential diagnosis of retinoblastoma and pars planitis. Symptomatic management was initiated with oral and topical corticosteroids, obtaining symptom improvement, although loss of visual acuity persisted. Discussion: Coexistence and cohabitation of the patient with pets (dogs and cats) was an important factor to consider ocular toxocariasis. Complete blood count revealed mild leukocytosis and lymphocytosis without eo-sinophilia. Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Taenia solium cysticercus were negative, as well as the VDRL. The ELISA test for Toxocara canis was positive, with IgG titers of 1:64 (positive >1:32, specificity >90%). Management with ophthalmic and systemic corticosteroids, albendazole and vitrectomy was initiated. The vitreous band was released by means of surgery, making the diplopia disappear, although residual peripheral granuloma persisted and will be operated by ophthalmology. Conclusions: Knowledge on ocular toxocariasis is important for physicians because it might be mistaken with retinoblastoma, a malignant neoplasm that may require enucleation of the eye.

RESUMEN Introducción. La toxocariasis es una zoonosis producida por las larvas de los nemato-dos Toxocara canis y Toxocara cati, parásitos intestinales de los cánidos y los félidos, respectivamente. Presentación del caso. Paciente femenino de 22 años de edad, procedente de Caquetá, Colombia, con un cuadro de 3 meses de evolución con pérdida de visión en ojo izquierdo, acompañada de dolor ocular, diplopia, fotofobia y ojo rojo bilateral, quien presenta desprendimiento de retina en ojo izquierdo diagnosticado por ecografia. La mujer asiste a oftalmologia, donde se hace diagnóstico diferencial con retinoblastoma y pars planitis. Se inicia manejo sintomático con corticoides orales y tópicos, con mejoria de la sintomatologia, pero persistencia de pérdida de la agudeza visual. Discusión. Al revisar historial de antecedentes socioeconómicos, la paciente convive con perros y gatos, por lo que se piensa en toxocariasis ocular. En el cuadro hemático se observa ligera leucocitosis y linfocitosis, sin eosinofilia. La determinación de anticuerpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii y anti-cisticerco de Taenia solium resultaron negativas, al igual que el VDRL. El test de ELISA para T. canis fue positivo, con unos titulos IgG de 1:64 (positivo >1:32, especificidad >90%). Se inicia manejo con corticoide oftálmico, sistémico, albendazol y vitrectomia. Con la intervención quirúrgica se libera banda vitrea, logrando la desaparición de la diplopia, pero persiste granuloma periférico residual, el cual será intervenido por oftalmologia. Conclusiones. Dada la posibilidad de ser confundida con un retinoblastoma -una neoplasia maligna que puede requerir la enucleación del ojo-, el conocimiento de esta forma de presentación de la toxocariasis es de suma importancia para los clinicos.

Therapeutic drug monitoring of benznidazole and nifurtimox: a systematic review and quality assessment of published clinical practice guidelines

Abstract The pharmacological management of adults with chronic-phase Chagas disease is challenging despite it being the recent focus of extensive research. One of the challenges in the current clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) landscape is the existence of non-evidence-based recommendations for the use of laboratory tests in treatment monitoring. This study aimed to systematically assess the quality and consistency of recommendations of CPGs on the pharmacological management of adults with chronic-phase Chagas disease. Systematic literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SciELO and Google to identify all published CPGs relevant to the pharmacological management of Chagas disease, between January 2010 and March 2016. Three independent reviewers assessed the quality of each CPG using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II instrument. A total of five CPGs were included and the overall quality of the guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring of Chagas disease was moderate-to-low. There was considerable variation in the quality of the CPGs across the AGREE II domains. The domains of scope/purpose, stakeholder involvement, and clarity of presentation were rated well, and the domains of applicability and editorial independence received poor ratings. This review showed that the methodological quality of CPGs for Chagas disease was generally inappropriate, and there was no explicit link between the best available evidence and current recommendations.

Delusional infestation. ekbom's syndrome in a 53-year old woman. case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: Delusional infestation is a rare psychiatric disorder defined as a condition in which the patient has the unshakable belief and perception of being infested with parasites. Its treatment is difficult, and frequently includes antipsychotic medications (such as olanzapine or aripiprazole). Non-pharmacological treatment, particularly psychotherapy, can be used for less severe cases. Dermatologists and psychiatrists must take a multi-disciplinary approach (preferably in a psycodermatology dedicated clinic) since this type of patients sometimes refuse treatment. Case description: A 53-year-old female businesswoman describes a clinical history of five years of visual hallucinations, depressive symptoms, and generalized pruritus, along with the use of toxic substances to "clean" her skin and cloths. She reports similar symptoms in some relatives but they were not evaluated. Blood tests and analyses of the "specimen" brought by the patient were performed, yielding negative results. The patient had never been assessed by any specialist, and showed disoriented during the consultation. Follow-up was not possible due to the reluctance of the patient to follow the indications and seek psychiatric treatment. Moreover, the patient did not respond to further communication attempts. Discussion: Delusional infestation is an uncommon disease that endangers the patients and the people around them. Its treatment is difficult and long, and not conducting proper follow-up is a great risk. Its prevalence and incidence is variable and generally unknown. It can affect the patient, their next of kin, pets or the environment, and the "pathogen" can be a living organism or an inanimate object. Conclusion: This case is important as it shows the hardships of treatment, adequate follow-up and care, as well as the need to improve how these patients are approached. Additionally, both classical and uncommon signs and symptoms could be observed as the patient stated that her relatives were affected (possible delusional infestation by proxy).